Coursework Biology Essay Example for Free

Coursework Biology Essay Biology coursework: Substrate specificity in yeast AIM: To find out which substrate (glucose, starch, maltose, sucrose or lactose), does yeast, the organism containing the enzyme, breaks down the quickest. Introduction: Usually, every enzyme has a specific substrate that is what we call the â€Å"lock and key† theory. We can try the reaction of an enzyme with different substrates and this enzyme will just work well with one of those substrates. One type of reaction catalyzed by enzymes is anaerobic respiration. (fermentation), made by yeast that uses a sugar as a substrate. This reaction will produce CO2 and energy. Measuring how much CO2 the reaction produces we could know how well the enzyme is working with a substrate, checking thus its specificity. Materials: 5 Ignition tubes Pipette Glucose Maltose Sucrose Lactose Yeast Cotton wool Test tubes Stop watch Ruler Variables: Independent variable: substrate (glucose, starch, maltose, lactose, sucrose), enzyme (yeast), volume of substrate, volume of enzyme. Dependent: volume of CO2 released (measured in mm) Controlled variables: Temperature, pressure, time. Method: 1- Fill 5 ignition tubes, half with yeast (2.0 ml) and half with each corresponding substrate (2.0 ml), using a pipette. 2- Quickly after the mixture is done, place the ignition tubes upside down in a test tube, helping yourself with a pen. 3- Start the stop watch once the ignition tube is upside down in the test tube, and measure the space left (this will be time 0) 4- Place some cotton wool on the top of each test tube in order to block oxygen, and therefore, for anaerobic respiration to occur. 5- Prepare one mixture with the yeast (enzyme), and with water, to act as a control. Treat the control in the same way you have done it with the samples. 6- As anaerobic respiration occurs, CO2 is released displacing the mixture of yeast and substrate into the test tube. Measure the amount of CO2 released during 20 minutes, taking a reading of the empty space inside the ignition tube every 5 minutes. 7- Repeat the experiment 3 times for statistical purposes.

Types of Spoofing Attacks

Types of Spoofing Attacks 2.1 Distributed Denial of Service Attack The IP spoofing is mostly used in Distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS), in which hackers are concerned with consuming bandwidth and resources by flooding the target host machine with as many packets as possible in a short span of time. To effectively conducting the attack, hackers spoof source IP addresses to make tracing and stopping the DDoS as difficult as possible. Here the attacker scans internet and identifies the hosts with known vulnerabilities and compromise them to install attack program and then exploits the vulnerabilities to gain the root access. [6] 2.2 Non-blind spoofing This type of attack takes place when the hacker is on the same subnet as the target that can see sequence and acknowledgement of every packet. This type of spoofing is session hijacking and an attacker can bypass any authentication measures taken place to build the connection. This is achieved by corrupting the DataStream of an established connection, then re-establishing it based on correct sequence and acknowledgement numbers with the attack host machine. 2.2 Blind spoofing This type of attacks may take place from outside where sequence and acknowledgement numbers are not reachable. Hackers usually send several packets to the target host machine in order to sample sequence numbers, which is suitable in previous days. Now a days, almost every OSs implement random sequence number generation for the packets, making it difficult to predict the sequence number of packets accurately. If, however, the sequence number was compromised, information can be sent to the target host machine. 2.4 Man in the Middle Attack This attack is also known as connection oriented hijacking. In this attack mainly the attacker or the interrupter will attack the legal communication between two parties and eliminates or modifies the information shared between the two hosts without their knowledge. This is how the attacker will fool a target host and steal the data by forging the original hosts identity. In the TCP communication desynchronized state is given by connection oriented hijacking. Desynchronized connection is that when the packet sequence number varies for the received packet and the expected packet.TCP layer will decide whether to buffer the packet or discard it depending on the actual value of the received sequence number. Packets will be discarded or ignored when the two machines are desynchronized. Attacker may inject spoofed packets with the exact sequence numbers and change or insert messages to the communication. By staying on the communication path between two hosts attacker can modify or change p ackets. Creating the desynchronized state in the network is the key concept of this attack. [12] 2.5 Conclusion Various types of IP spoofing and its attacks are explained in this chapter. Here we have discussed about four types of spoofing attacks like Distributed Denial of Service Attack, Non-blind spoofing, blind spoofing and Man-in-the-middle attack, and also how these attacks can create problems to destination machines. Various Security requirements are discussed in the next chapter. Chapter 3: Security Requirements 3.1 Network security requirements The Internet became the largest public data network, enabling both personal and business communications worldwide. Day to day the data trafficking is increasing exponentially over the internet world and also in the corporate networks. As the technology is developing the speed of communication is increasing via e-mail; mobile workers, telecommuters. Internet is also used mainly to connect corporate networks to the branch offices. As the technolgy developed the usage of internet has became more and also usage of different technologies became more at the same time security threat also became more and gave chance to more faulties to do there things .so the corporations using them should protect and increase the security.The network attacks became very serious as they are more effective for the businesses because they store the important and sensitive data ,as the personal banking records or the business and medical reports. If the attack is done on such kind of corporates it is very difficult to recover the lost data which also leads to loose the privacy and takes lot of time to recover .The internet would also be the safest way to do the business Despite the costly risks .For example, It is not safe to give the credit card details to the telemarketer through the phone or even a waiter in the restaurent this is more risky than give the details in the web because security technology will protect electronic commer ce transactions. The telemarketers and waiters may not be that safer or trustworthy because we cannot monitor them all the time . The fear of security problems could be harmful to businesses as actual security voilates. Due to the distrust on the internet the fear and the suspicion of computers still exists.For the organisations that depends on the web will decrease there oppurtunities due to this distrust. To avoid this security polices should be strictly taken by the companies and also instate the safeguards that are effective.To protect their customers Organizations should adequately communicate . Companies should take the security steps to not only protect there customers from security breaches but also there employers and the partners information which are important for them. Internet ,intranet and extranet are used by the employers and the partners for the efficient and the fast communication.These communication and the efficiency should be looked after because they are more effectd by the network attacks. Attackers do the attack directly because this takes the lots of time for the employers to recover and restore the lost data and takes much time even in the network damage control. loss of time and valuble data could greatly impact employee effectiveness and confidence. The other main reason for the need of network security is the Legislation. according to the serveys conducted by the government they came to know about the importance of internet for the worlds economic status, they also recognize that the attackers effect on the internet could also cause the economic damag e to the world. National governments are mounting laws to regulate the vast stream of electronic information. Companies developed the strategies to secure the date in the safe way in accordance to put up the regulations given by government.The companies which does not take security polices to protect the data accordance will be voilated and penalized. 3.2 System security requirements In these days providing security had became a tough task for all the bisiness and the different organisations. Security must be provided to the customers and the important data to safeguard them from the malicious and involuntary leaks.Information is very important for every enterprise, it may be the custom records or intellectual property. By the CIOs it became possible to customers,employees and partners to get the data in fraction of seconds.The cost of money also became more to do all these things.There are three reasons for which this data may fall in risk they are (i) when the business process breaks down (ii) employee error (iii) gaps in security. Risk is then from customer and competitive pressures, regulatory and corporate compliance, and the rising cost publicity of data leaks Information one of the important resources of financial institutions. To keep the trust between the partners or develop the confidence in the customers it is more important to provide the good security which will be helpful for the good going and the reputation of the company . At the same time authentic information is necessary to process transactions and comfirm customer decisions. A financial institutions profit and capital can be affected if the information leaks to unauthorized companies. Information security is one of important process by which an organization protects and secures its systems, media, and maintain information important to its operations. The financial institutions have a great responsibilities to protect the nations financial service infrastucture On a broad standard. The financial security of the customer will also depends on th e security provided to the industry systems and its informations.effective security plans should be taken by the Individual financial institutions and their service providersfor their operational complexity .there should be a strong and effective board to maintain and take care of these security policies in order to protect the company from the security threats or any other malicious attacks.there should be a regular counseling to the organisations on the security precations they take to provide the companies , so that we can get the more effective results and can improve the organisations security level aswell. organizations often inaccurately recognize information security as condition of controls. As the Security is an ongoing process in overall security stance the condition of a financial institution depends on the indicator. Other indicators include the power of the institution to continually evaluate its stance and react suitably in the face of rapidly altering threats, techno logies, and business conditions. A financial institution establishes and maintains really effective information security when it continuously integrates processes, people, and technology to extenuate risk in accordance with risk assessment and acceptable risk tolerance levels. By instituting a security process financial institutions secure there risks they recognizes risks, forms a scheme to manage the risks, implements the scheme, tests the execution, and monitors the atmosphere to manage the risks. A financial institution outsources all of their information processing. Examiners use this booklet while evaluating the financial institutions risk management process, including the obligations, duties, and job of the service source for information security and the inadvertence exercised by the financial institution. [3] 3.3 Information security requirements An information security strategy is a plan to extenuate risks while abiding by with legal, Statutory, internally and contractual developed demands. Typical steps to building a strategy include the definition of control objectives, the assessment and identification of approaches to meet the objectives, the selection of controls, metrics, the establishment of benchmarks and the preparation of implementation and testing plans. The choice of controls is typically depends on cost comparison of different strategic approaches to minimize the risk .The cost comparison typically contrasts the costs of different approaches with the potential gains a financial institution could realize in terms of increased availability,confidentality or integrity of systems and data. These gains may include reduced financial losses, improved customer confidence, regulatory abidance and positive audit findings. Any particular approach should consider the following Policies, procedures and standards Technology design Resource dedication Testing and Training. For example, an institutions management may be assessing the right strategic approach to the security supervising of activities for an Internet environment. There are two potential approaches identified for evaluation. The first approach utilizes a combination of network and host sensors with a staffed supervising center. The second approach consists of every day access log examination. The first alternative is judged much more capable of detecting an attack in time to reduce any damage to the institution and its data, even though at a much more cost. The added cost is totally appropriate when institution processing capabilities and the customer data are exposed to an attack, such as in an Internet banking domain. The second approach may be suitable when the primary risk is reputational damage, such as when the Web site is not connected to other financial institution systems and if the only information is protected is an information-only Web site.

Our Ethical Duty to Prevent Child Abuse Essay -- Violence Against Chil

Beating children, chronically belittling them, using them for sexual gratification, or depriving them of the basic necessities of life are acts that cannot be permitted in a civilized society. Tolerating child abuse denies the worth of children as human beings. Each of us has a moral obligation to turn in a child abuser. In the United States, teachers are told to report child abuse to the Department of Community Services because the department has the responsibility and legal mandate to insure a child's safety, care, and welfare (Bender et al. 1). Why must this responsibility be separate among people who live in the same city and care for these children? The Department of Community Services (DCS) should not have to be concerned with the moral responsibility of protecting a child or doing everything correctly as to not violate a law. They should only have to be watching out for these children and find ways to stop child abuse. This needs to change by building a real community where everyone can feel active, involved, and as though they are making a difference. The presence of child abuse goes back as far as history can remember. It was present in such societies as Ancient Egypt and Rome. We remember these societies as being great and prosperous. On the down side child abuse was very common, and mostly by the elite who had the power and the gold. We also have cases of child abuse in the Church. And when the case of the child is over the priest is just sent away to another city to preach, with the chance of the abuse happening again. People need to speak out to stop this "higher Power" from getting away with such a hurtful crime (Pride 1). "The Social service ... ...ave no future if our children are treated worthlessly. Community is a big key here. And community needs to come together and fight against child abuse. Protection of children from harm is not just an ethical duty; it is a matter of national survival. Works Cited Bender, et al. Child Abuse-Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego CA, Green haven Press Inc., 2004. Jackson, Valerie. Racism and Child Protection-The Black Experience of Child Sexual Abuse. London: Cassell Press, 2011. Kalichman, Seth C. Mandated Reporting of Suspected Child Abuse, Ethics, Law, and Policy. Washington DC: APA, 2005. Pride, Mary. The Child Abuse Industry. Illinois: Crossway Books, 2009. http://www.alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au/LocalResources/DepartPol/Childprotect/Child%20prot%20html#index. Roystone, Jennifer. All of our Children. 2008. http://www.vcuethics.org/

The Power of Painting in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

The Power of Painting in Kate Chopin's The Awakening The Awakening by Kate Chopin displays the struggle a woman goes through in order to break the current status quo. In this novel, Edna Pontellier releases herself to her deepest yearnings, plunging into an immoral relationship that reawakens her long dormant desires, enflames her heart, and eventually blinds her to all else. As she goes through these changes Edna involves herself in many different activities. Painting becomes one of her favorite pastimes and her artwork often depicts an important person in her life. Her impulse to paint is driven by her current emotion; this would explain the passion inserted into each peace of art. Edna is fascinated by painting and attempts to sketch and paint her friends. She has the opportunity to paint Adele Ratignolle, a woman she claims to be as poised as a Madonna. "Never had that lady seemed a more tempting subject than at that moment, seated there like some sensuous Madonna, with the gleam of the fading day enriching her splendid color" (22). Edna attempts to capture the scene with Adele and replicate it on her sketch pad but falls short. "After surveying the sketch critically she drew a broad smudge of paint across its surface, and crumpled the paper between her hands" (22). Edna in this way is a bit of a perfectionist. She will not accept anything less than faultless. If it does not successfully capture the image in the way that she herself sees it, it is deplorable. Luckily this is a recently acquired outlet and she has accepted the fact that her art might not be as good as it can be. Edna throws away some of her sketches, claiming to be an amateur artis t. If she held herself to a higher degree of talent it would more difficult for her to accept these imperfections. This attitude towards her painting relates just as easily to her attitude regarding life. Towards the beginning of the novel, Edna is more passive about the way she is living, the same way she is passive about throwing out her sketches. As Edna describes her youth and distant life in Kentucky, she paints images in her mind. She desperately wants to paint them, but instead uses the paint of memories.

The Doryphoros :: Essays Papers

The Doryphoros Description This stone sculpture is a naked human-like figure standing six feet tall. The body is in chiasmos stance with the left leg slightly bent and the left foot slightly behind the right. The head is turned slightly downward and to the right, and its size is approximately 1/6 of the body. The hair is cropped closely to the head with no part. The body has a defined musculature, however the forearms appear to be missing. There is an object behind and to the right of the right leg that is about 2 feet tall and 10 inches wide. Formal Analysis This sculpture seems to epitomize the ideal male human form. All of the body parts seem perfectly proportioned and the muscles are beautifully defined as if the image were of an athlete. The image is youthful with a calm demeanor. The right missing forearm looks as if it used to be resting at his side, while the left elbow was probably at a 90 degree angle, with the hand holding something. The slight bend in the left leg gives the impression of movement, as if the image was frozen while walking. The counterpoised stance adds an air of nobility to the "man". Historical Analysis The sculpture is a Roman copy of the original Greek bronze made by artist Polykleitos in 450BC. It is recorded that he made the Doryphoros as an example of perfect proportion. He wrote a book to accompany the statue called, "The Cannon of Proportion, " and countless artists copied the statue because of its perfection. This regal figure was named Doryphoros (Greek for "spearbearer") because it originally held a long spear in its left hand.

Hinduism Essay

It is quite evident that the Hinduism community is not a united belief religion. This is because; the religious community is comprised of numerous religious approaches; all marked with different views of animist, antiquity, and devotion to divine worship as well as marriage practices. However, Hinduism has many commonalities making it the Hindu. Such include and not limited to having common faith in yogic practices (Knott, 1998). According to available information, yoga is defined as a combination of both physical and mental practices aimed at meditation or simply soul searching. This involves numerous practices such as restraining of life forces, abstraction from external forces that affect our sense organ, living a non violent life, engaging in maximized concentration on a given objective, and devoted meditation on a given subject (Knott, 1998). Another common practice that makes the Hinduism community is the notion of Karma. Based on available literature, Karma simply means the cycle of cause and effects of things in our deeds. By this, Hinduisms engage to ensure that they act with consideration of morality in their day to day activities. In addition, they do belief that human beings are free to choice good or evil but should be ready to suffer the associated consequences. The third binding belief in the Hinduism community is the Hindus marriage concept. According to the Hindu school, marriage is a sacrament rather than a contract between couples. For all Hindus, marriage entails a life commitment between a man and a woman whose aim is to search God’s will, meet their physical desires, and expand their personal possessions. Hinduism is predominant in the south Asian countries particularly in India. The reason why the religion is cultural and societal influence in its region of influence in India is that its origin is in the Indus River. Hinduism has evidently influenced the lives of members in its origin. This can be quite evident marriage, wealth, and yoga practices in the region. True from the letter, Indians are quite industrious in the process of acquiring wealth. Due to this reason, citizens of this nation have emerged as among the best investors in the world. As an emphasis to this assertion is the claim by available reports that Indians dominate the IT industries. This cultural value is no doubt a consequence of the common belief by Hinduism that marriage entails searching for creation of wealth. On yoga practices, the Indian community has been quite pivotal in the process of influencing sole searching practices across the globe. Just to be appreciated is the fact that meditation does not only influence our living behavior but above all serves the ultimate purpose of shaping our lives (Narayanan, 2010). This is because; it encompasses physical and mental practices in the process of seeking comfort of life. In the societal level, Hinduism has been encouraged social responsibility among members of the Indian community. Owing to their strong believe in this religion, divorce and domestic violence is quite low in India compared to other communities in the world (Narayanan, 2010). In addition, Indians like helping relatives to promote their sustainable social and economic well-being. This can be best explained by the fact that the religion states that people are free to choice good or evil but should be ready to suffer the associated consequences. It is worth noting that doing good will is one practice that one is assured of not consequential repercussions. The process of realizing liberation from earthly existence by the Hindus is based on the concept of samsara. This religious community belief in heaven and hell; with heaven being a place where great and noble people go after performing good things on earth. According to the dictates of samsara, commitment to good or evil while on earth determines where we go after life. The concept has it that a human being is continuously born and reborn on earth. Such can be in form of human being, god or any other being. For Hinduism, living a life of ego-consciousness and desire is instrumental in determining your life after death. Through the process of searching for having a conscious living, one attains liberation. To achieve this, this religion believes in both yoga and karma. In yoga (commonly called soul searching process), an individual has the opportunity to realize their true self through a process of meditation. On the other hand, karma entails doing good deeds as the only way one can attain liberation from earthly life (Narayanan, 2010). According to the religion, engaging in karma yoga gives the individual a guarantee to selfless actions, an element that brings understanding of the need of unity to all. Therefore, the desire for liberation from earthly existence by Hindus is encompassed in the yoga and karma provisions.

“As You Like It” Essay (Advanced English) Essay

A sense of belonging can be founded through an individual’s personal aspiration to inherently connect with other people. The interaction and interconnectedness of relationships can be viewed as the most significant factor influencing an individual’s sense of acceptance within their surrounding environment and ultimately will determine the level of affiliation they can acquire personally. The comedic play â€Å"As You Like It† composed by William Shakespeare (16th Century), examines the idea of belonging to people and its significant influence over an individual. Similarly, Ang Lee’s film â€Å"Sense and Sensibility† (1997), correspondingly explores the perception of belonging through the interaction and contact with people and the relationships that are innately developed. Through the use of characterisation within both texts, the notion is thoroughly explored to exert a deepened understanding of belonging to people and how it can significantly infl uence an individual in most cases favorably. However, there are some instances where an individual cannot find a personal sense of acceptance within the relationships they withhold and therefore do not achieve a sense of affiliation within their social surroundings. The idea that people and the relationships they develop are the most influential facet in deciphering ones’ sense of belonging, is thoroughly examined within Shakespeare’s â€Å"As You Like It†. This is evident through the characterisation of Rosalind and the loving familial relationship she has with her cousin Celia. As they both were â€Å"bred together† and grew up within the court , â€Å"from their cradles† to adulthood, both Celia and Rosalind have developed an inherent familial bond for one another becoming â€Å"inseparable†. Shakespeare’ emphasised on the loving and devout nature of their relationship to the audience by demonstrating Celia’s absolute adoration for Rosalind over her own Father. This can be observed when Rosalind was banished from her home, the court, by Duke Fredrick (Celia’s father). Celia’s sense of belonging to her father was weakened as he betrayed her familial trust and so asked him, à ¢â‚¬Å"Pronounce the sentence on me my liege, I cannot live without her company†. The formality of the blank verse illustrates her detachment from her father and demonstrates the breakdown in their filial relationship. However, Shakespeare has used this to illuminate Celia’s loyalty and familial belonging to Rosalind, thus conveying their â€Å"inseparable† nature and the strong sense of affiliation between one another. (337) Similarly, in â€Å"Sense and Sensibility† the widowed mother Mrs. Dashwood and her three daughters are exiled from their home due to social expectations. However, even with the removal of their place of belonging it is their strong familial bonds and connections that allow them to find a sense of individual affiliation. This is evident towards the beginning of the film when they are introduced to their new home a small cottage in the country side which has just been juxtaposed with the Mansion seen in the previously. As they walk up towards the cottage their is a long shot that portrays the family walking towards the cottage together in a huddled group. Ang lee, has used this positioning of the camera and the actors to display the idea that it is within family they find belonging not place. This again supports the notion that belonging is most significantly founded within the people and relationships an individual withholds. (537) Furthermore, Shakespeare’s portrayal of the loving romantic relationship between Orlando and Rosalind additionally acts as a representation of how influential the contact between people can affect an individual’s sense of belonging. With Rosalind and Orlando finding themselves in the Forest of Arden due to the external influences of powerful men exerting their hate, such as Duke Fredrick and Oliver, both characters find themselves in similar circumstances. However, it is Orlando’s love that demonstrates his sense of affiliation to Rosalind through metaphorical language by comparing her to precious objects. He passionately declares, â€Å"No jewel is like Rosalind; Her worth, being mounted on the wind† which clearly exemplifies to the audience of his complete love for her. The use of extensive amount of romantic poetry and adoring tone is used to demonstrate their love towards one another. And that they find their sense of belonging with one another no matt er where they are and what place they are set, again emphasising the significance of contact between people becoming a poignant source of belonging for an individual. As each individual is intrinsically different, where relationships and interacting with other’s may offer satisfaction to some, others find greater fulfillment in self. Shakespeare clearly demonstrates this choice of belonging to self rather through the contact of other people, through the characterisation of Jaques. Being described as â€Å"melancholy† Jaques chooses not to affiliate with the people around him, and finds satisfaction in being alone. Jaques believes that â€Å"the worst fault you have is to be in love†. His cynical tone and attitude towards love and relationships demonstrate his choice not to associate himself with others. In effect, Shakespeare uses prose to enhance one’s insight into people who chose not to conform to belonging. This is a singular instance where an individual does not find a sense of belonging through the contact between people and the relationships developed, however, represents a lonely and melancholy life. Contrary to this, majority of the character’s within â€Å"Sense and Sensibility† finds a sense of belonging through the people they associate with. In ‘Sense and Sensibility’, Marian falls in love to a young suitor named Willoughby. However, Willoughby chooses not to belong to Marian due to social expectations, which essentially, caused personal consequences for his sense of affiliation. These consequences become evident within the last scene, â€Å"The marriage†, when Marian has been happily married to Brendan and the whole town is celebrating. There is a close medium shot of the both of them happily departing from the church, when the camera suddenly cuts to Willoughby up on a hill. Out from the town he is looking down on the celebrations with a saddened expression. Through the use of camera techniques and expression it becomes evident to the audience that he feels a sense of exclusion and detachment from the people he once was closely affiliated with. This further emphasises the consequences that can come to an individual when they chose expectations and society over the people and relationships they withh old. Nevertheless, the consequences of being lonely is welcoming to him and therefore, does not negatively affect him like Willoughby. Moreover, the interconnectedness and affiliation with people is the most significant factor influencing an individual’s sense of belonging or not belonging. Throughout the text â€Å"As you like it† and the film â€Å"Sense and sensibility†, this idea is thoroughly explored through the character’s represented by the composer’s and the relationship’s they developed, either familial or romantic. However, although one can find significant belonging through another person, some can chose not to belong, such as Jaques or Willoughby and by choosing not to belong it can create consequences resulting in a sense of loneliness. However, there are singular instances, like Jaques, where choosing not to belong to people can create self fulfillment in one’s self and a sense of belonging.